Cardinal chains level 941/1/2024 Pathology that affects the strength, control, or extensibility of the hip muscles can significantly disrupt the fluidity, comfort, and metabolic efficiency of many routine movements involving both functional and recreational activities. Lifting the foot off the ground, reaching towards the floor, or rapidly rotating the trunk and pelvis while supporting the body over one limb typically demands strong and specific activation of the hips' surrounding musculature. This large ball-and-socket joint allows simultaneous, triplanar movements of the femur relative to the pelvis, as well as the trunk and pelvis relative to the femur. The hip joint serves as a central pivot point for the body as a whole. This overview should serve as a foundation for understanding the assessment and treatment of musculoskeletal impairments that involve not only the hip, but also the adjacent low back and knee regions. Throughout the commentary, the kinesiology of the muscles of the hip are considered primarily from normal but also pathological perspectives, supplemented with several clinically relevant scenarios. The role of certain muscles in generating compression force at the hip is also presented. ![]() ![]() Additional attention is paid to the biomechanical variables that alter the effectiveness, force, and torque of a given muscle action. Actions are considered from both femoral-on-pelvic and pelvic-on-femoral perspectives, with particular attention to the role of coactivation of trunk muscles. The discussion of muscle actions is organized according to the 3 cardinal planes of motion. Analysis of their actions is based primarily on the spatial orientation of the muscles relative to the axes of rotation at the hip. ![]() The primary intent of this clinical commentary is to review and discuss the current understanding of the specific actions of the hip muscles. The 21 muscles that cross the hip provide both triplanar movement and stability between the femur and acetabulum.
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